Associação ecológica entre fatores socioeconômicos, ocupacionais e de saneamento e a ocorrência de escorpionismo no Brasil, 2007-2019 / Asociación ecológica entre factores socioeconómicos, ocupacionales y de saneamiento y la ocurrencia de escorpionismo en Brasil, 2007-2019 / Ecological association between socioeconomic, occupational and sanitation factors and the occurrence of scorpionism in Brazil, 2007-2019

Objetivo: Analisar associação ecológica entre características socioeconômicas, ocupacionais e de infraestrutura/saneamento com escorpionismo no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo ecológico, com dados dos acidentes escorpiônicos notificados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (2007-2019). Empregou-se regressão binomial negativa para estimar razões de taxas de incidência (RTI) e intervalos de confiança (IC95%). Resultados: No período, ocorreram 1.079.333 acidentes, com incidência acumulada de 41,5/100 mil habitantes. Na análise ajustada, houve associação com percentual municipal de mulheres (RTI=1,65 - IC95% 1,18;2,30) e homens (RTI=0,90 - IC95% 0,88;0,91) na construção civil, mulheres (RTI=1,21 - IC95% 1,18;1,25) e homens (RTI=0,73 - IC95% 0,69;0,77) no serviço doméstico, mulheres (RTI=1,03 - IC95% 1,02;1,04) e homens (RTI=0,93 - IC95% 0,92;0,93) na agropecuária, domicílios com lixo coletado (RTI=0,99 - IC95% 0,98;0,99) e lixo no entorno (RTI=1,02 - IC95% 1,01;1,02), expectativa de anos de estudo (RTI=0,88 - IC95% 0,83;0,92) e taxa de desocupação (RTI=1,07 - IC95% 1,05;1,09). Conclusão: O escorpionismo associou-se a precária infraestrutura/saneamento, oferta de emprego, educação e ocupação feminina.

Objetivo: Analizar la asociación ecológica entre características socioeconómicas, ocupacionales y sanitarias y el escorpionismo en Brasil. Métodos: Estudio ecológico con datos de accidentes con escorpiones reportados al Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación (2007-2019). Se utilizó la regresión binomial negativa para estimar las razones de las tasas de incidencia (RTI) e intervalos de confianza (IC95%). Resultados: Ocurrieron 1.079.333 accidentes con escorpiones (41,5/100.000 habitantes), 2007-2019. Se encontró asociación con porcentaje municipal de: mujeres (RTI=1,65 - IC95% 1,18;2,30) y hombres (RTI=0,90 - IC95% 0,88;0,91) en la construcción civil, mujeres (RTI=1,21 - IC95% 1,18;1,25) y hombres (RTI=0,73 - IC95% 0,69;0,77) en el servicio doméstico, mujeres (RTI=1,03 - IC95% 1,02;1,04) y hombres (RTI=0,93 - IC95% 0,92;0,93) en la agricultura, hogares con recolección de basura (RTI=0,99 - IC95% 0,98;0,99) y basura en los alrededores (RTI=1,02 - IC95% 1,01;1,02), expectativa en años de estudio (RTI=0,88 - IC95% 0,83;0,92) y tasa de desempleo (RTI=1,07 - IC95% 1,05;1,09). Conclusión: El escorpionismo se asoció con infraestructura/saneamiento precario, oferta de trabajo, educación y ocupación femenina.

Objective: To analyze ecological association between socioeconomic, occupational and sanitation characteristics and scorpionism in Brazil. Methods: This was an ecological study with data on scorpion sting accidents reported on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (2007-2019). Negative binomial regression was used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) and confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: In the study period there were 1,079,333 scorpion sting accidents, with a cumulative incidence rate of 41.5/100,000 inhabitants. In the adjusted analysis, there was association with the municipal percentages of: women (IRR=1.65 - 95%CI 1.18;2.30) and men (IRR=0.90 - 95%CI 0.88;0.91) working in the construction industry, women (IRR=1.21 - 95%CI 1.18;1.25) and men (IRR=0.73 - 95%CI 0.69;0.77) working in domestic service, women (IRR=1.03 - 95%CI 1.02;1.04) and men (IRR=0.93 - 95%CI 0.92;0.93) working in farming, households with refuse collection (IRR=0.99 - 95%CI 0.98;0.99) and households with refuse left nearby (IRR=1.02 - 95%CI 1.01;1.02), expected years of schooling (IRR=0.88 - 95%CI 0.83;0.92), and unemployment rate (IRR=1.07 - 95%CI 1.05;1.09). Conclusion: Scorpionism was associated with precarious infrastructure/sanitation, job availability, education and female occupation.

Indicador 3.9.2 - Taxa de mortalidade atribuída a fontes de água inseguras, saneamento inseguro e falta de higiene: agenda 2030

Plataforma com dados indicadores sobre a Taxa de mortalidade atribuída a fontes de água inseguras, saneamento inseguro e falta de higiene. Agenda 2030 - objetivo 3 - Saúde e bem estar

Ending open defecation in Guinea-Bissau: It all starts under a mango tree

Using toilets and washing hands with soap is essential to keep children and families in good health. But in Guinea-Bissau, open defecation remains a deeply rooted practice. Going out in open spaces rather than using a toilet is a dangerous challenge: human waste near waterways and homes spreads diseases quickly, putting children and their families at risk. Diarrhoea, which is related to poor sanitation and hygiene, is one of the top killers of children in the country ─ accounting for 9 per cent of children who die before their fifth birthday. However, getting rid of open defecation is possible. Take Quinara, a region in the south of Guinea-Bissau. In 2018, Quinara was recognized as the first region to become 'open defecation free' (ODF) in Guinea-Bissau. This is a remarkable achievement in a country where nearly one in six people still go out in the open. So, how did Quinara do it? Ask families in a community to identify areas around the home they use as toilets. Use a combination of shock, shame, pride and disgust ─ instead of abstract health messages ─ to trigger behaviour change. And watch the community transform. This approach is called Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS). It typically takes three to six months for a whole community to give up defecating in the open. And this contributes to a healthier environment for everyone.

The impact of enhanced, demand-side sanitation and hygiene promotion on sustained behaviour change and mental well-being in Ethiopia

A multisectoral approach is needed to meet the World Health Organisation's (WHO) target to eliminate morbidity due to soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH) in children by 2020. In addition to deworming, WHO recommends improving hygiene education and sanitation to reduce soil transmitted helminthiases transmission. CLTSH, a modified form of CLTS, focusses additionally on hygiene, specifically handwashing with soap or a soap substitute and hygienic handling of drinking water. With CLTSH, there is considerable focus on 'triggering' collective awareness of the problem of open defecation and behaviour change. CLTSH in Ethiopia is a government-backed, low-cost, and locally acceptable approach to improving sanitation and hygiene. It is being scaled up throughout Amhara in Ethiopia.

Acceso a agua potable, protección ambiental y parasitismo intestinal infantil en El Codito. Bogotá, Colombia / Access to drinking water, environmental protection and intestinal parasites in pediatric patients from the neighborhood El Codito in Bogotá, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivos Establecer la relación entre parasitismo intestinal en niños menores de 6 años y vivienda en áreas de protección ambiental, sin servicio de acueducto, en El Codito -Bogotá, Colombia. Métodos Estudio de corte transversal que incluyó 144 niños entre los 4 y 70 meses de edad. Se recolectaron datos sociodemográficos encuestando a los padres y se tomaron muestras fecales de los niños. Se calcularon medidas descriptivas de las variables por tipo de población (parasitada y no parasitada) estableciendo diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Utilizando una regresión logística binomial multivariada se determinó la relación entre parasitismo intestinal y servicio de acueducto, controlando por las demás variables estudiadas. Resultados Se encontró una prevalencia de parasitismo intestinal de 38,9%. La falta de servicio de acueducto estuvo asociada a parasitismo (OR=31,25) ajustando por las demás variables estudiadas. Otras variables asociadas a parasitismo fueron: afiliación al régimen de salud subsidiado al compararla con el contributivo (OR=1,49), presencia de animales en la vivienda (OR=2,58), madres con oficio técnico-profesional al compararlas con madres con oficios no calificados (OR=0,05) y vivienda en habitación rentada al compararla con vivienda propia (OR=6,62). Conclusiones Los niños menores de 6 años viviendo en áreas protegidas sin servicio de acueducto presentaron con mayor frecuencia parasitismo intestinal. Si bien es claro que el establecimiento de áreas protegidas para preservar el medio ambiente es esencial, si no se previene el asentamiento de poblaciones en estos territorios a tiempo, la población que habita en los mismos está sujeta a condiciones adversas que atentan contra la dignidad humana.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To establish the correlation between intestinal parasitism in children younger than 6 years old and their dwelling in environmental protected areas without aqueduct service, in the neighborhood El Codito, in Bogotá, Colombia. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was done with 144 children between the ages of 4 and 70 months. Socio-demographic data were collected by surveying parents, and fecal samples were taken from the children to identify parasites. Descriptive measures were calculated for the variables by population type (parasitized and non-parasitized), establishing significant differences. Using a binary multivariate logistic regression, the correlation between intestinal parasitism and aqueduct was determined, adjusting the other studied variables. Results The prevalence of intestinal parasitism was 38.9%. The lack of aqueduct service was associated with intestinal parasitism (OR=31.25) after adjusting for other studied variables, which included affiliation to the subsidized health insurance regime compared with the contributory regime (OR= 1.49), home pets (OR= 2.58), mothers with professional jobs compared to mothers with non-professional jobs (OR=0.05), and dwelling in a rented room when compared with own dwelling (OR= 6.62). Conclusions Children under the age of 6 living in protected areas without water service were more likely to suffer from intestinal parasitism. It is known that preserving protected areas to protect the environment is of great importance, but if the settlement of populations in these territories is not prevented in time, the population living there is subject to adverse conditions which violate human dignity.(AU)

Saneamiento / Sanitation

A nivel mundial, 2400 millones de personas carecen de acceso a servicios de saneamiento mejorados. El Grupo Banco Mundial se compromete a responder a los desafíos en materia de saneamiento, tales como eliminar la práctica de la defecación al aire libre y mejorar la prestación de servicios.

JMP 5 year strategy 2016-2020

In June 2015 the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) published its final MDG assessment having successfully achieved its main objectives for the 2010-2015 period. This document outlines a new 5 year strategy which builds on experience and lessons learned since the JMP was established in 1990 and seeks to further enhance global monitoring of drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in the context of the ambition of the new 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The JMP 2016-2020 strategy includes an updated vision and mission statement which is aligned with the 2030 Agenda. It outlines four main strategic objectives which seek to consolidate its normative function and its role as a global custodian of WASH data, to further strengthen country support and to promote a more integrated approach to monitoring WASH and related issues in collaboration with other agencies (Box)

Sustainable Total Sanitation in Nigeria: implementation, learning, research and influence on practice and policy, formal research component

The main aim of the STS Nigeria project is to eradicate open defecation and improve hygiene practices in households in rural and semi-urban Nigerian communities. By improving sanitation, the program aims to improve the well-being of households in treated communities. WaterAid Nigeria (WANG) is undertaking this project through the Local Government Areas (LGAs) as well as Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), in three Nigerian states: Jigawa, Ekiti and Enugu. This study aims to encourage people to use private sanitation solutions and to supply better quality private sanitation solutions that meet the local needs at a more affordable price in rural communities. In order to achieve this, we are implementing two different but closely connected methods: Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), which is a community mobilization intervention, and Sanitation Marketing (SanMark), which targets suppliers of sanitation materials.

Guidelines on sanitation and health / Guías para el saneamiento y la salud / Lignes directrices relatives à l'assainissement et à la santé

Safe sanitation is essential for health, from preventing infection to improving and maintaining mental and social well-being. The lack of safe sanitation contributes to diarrhoea, a major public health concern and a leading cause of disease and death among children under five years in low- and middle- income countries; poor sanitation also contributes to several neglected tropical diseases, as well as broader adverse outcomes such as undernutrition. Lack of access to suitable sanitation facilities is also a major cause of risks and anxiety, especially for women and girls. For all these reasons, sanitation that prevents disease and ensures privacy and dignity has been recognized as a basic human right. Sanitation is defined as access to and use of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. A safe sanitation system is a system designed and used to separate human excreta from human contact at all steps of the sanitation service chain from toilet capture and containment through emptying, transport, treatment (in-situ or off-site) and final disposal or end use. Safe sanitation systems must meet these requirements in a manner consistent with human rights, while also addressing co-disposal of greywater, associated hygiene practices and essential services required for the functioning of technologies.

El saneamiento seguro es esencial para la salud, desde la prevención de la infección hasta la mejora y el mantenimiento del bienestar mental y social. La carencia de saneamiento seguro contribuye a la diarrea, una de las mayores preocupaciones de salud pública y una de las principales causas de enfermedad y muerte entre los niños menores de cinco años en los países de ingresos bajos y medios; el saneamiento deficiente también contribuye a la aparición de varias enfermedades tropicales desatendidas y al surgimiento de resultados adversos más amplios, como la desnutrición. La falta de acceso a instalaciones de saneamiento adecuadas, también es una de las principales causas de riesgo y ansiedad, especialmente para las mujeres y las niñas. Por todas estas razones, el saneamiento que previene la enfermedad y garantiza la privacidad y la dignidad ha sido reconocido como un derecho humano básico. El saneamiento se define como el acceso y uso de instalaciones y servicios para la eliminación segura de la orina y las heces humanas. Un sistema de saneamiento seguro es un sistema diseñado y utilizado para evitar el contacto de las excretas humanas con las personas, en todas las etapas de la cadena de servicios de saneamiento, desde la contención en el inodoro, hasta el vaciado, transporte, tratamiento, (in situ o fuera del sitio) su recepción en los inodoros y su contención a través del vaciado, transporte, tratamiento (in situ o fuera del sitio), hasta su uso y/o disposición final. Los sistemas de saneamiento seguro deben cumplir estos requisitos de manera consistente con los derechos humanos, al tiempo que abordan la codisposición de las aguas grises, l

L'assainissement sûr est essentiel à la santé, de la prévention des infections à l'amélioration et au maintien du bien-être mental et social. L'absence d'assainissement sûr contribue à la survenue de maladies diarrhéiques, lesquelles constituent un problème majeur de santé publique et la principale cause de mortalité chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans dans les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire ; un mauvais assainissement contribue à plusieurs maladies tropicales négligées et entraîne des effets indésirables plus généraux comme la sous-nutrition. Le manque d'accès à des installations d'assainissement appropriées est également une cause majeure de risque et d'anxiété, en particulier pour les femmes et les filles. Pour toutes ces raisons, l'assainissement qui prévient les maladies et garantit le respect de la vie privée et la dignité a été reconnu comme un droit humain fondamental. L'assainissement est défini comme l'accès et l'utilisation d'installations et de services pour l'évacuation sûre de l'urine et des excréments humains. Un système d'assainissement sûr est un système conçu et utilisé pour éviter empêcher tout contact entre les utilisateurs et les excreta à toutes les étapes de la chaîne d'assainissement à savoir de la collecte à partir des toilettes et du confinement à la vidange, au transport, au traitement (sur site ou hors site), à leur élimination ou utilisation finale. es systèmes d'assainissement sûrs doivent répondre à ces exigences tout en respectant les droits humains, prennant en compte également l'évacuation mixte des eaux usées, les pratiques d'hygiène et les services essentiels nécessaires au fonctionnement des technologies

WASH POST-2015: proposed targets and indicators for drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene

In May 2011, anticipating the debate that would inevitably arise about what should succeed the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF convened a global stakeholder meeting to consider which targets and indicators would be appropriate for drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) post-2015. The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme on Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) agreed to facilitate technical consultations and established four working groups (Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Equity and Non-Discrimination) comprising experts from around the world. To date, the consultative process has involved over 70 leading organizations in the sector and proposals have been updated to reflect ongoing debate, and feedback received from experts and member states involved in developing the post-2015 agenda. This document summarizes the latest proposals for post-2015 targets developed by global WASH stakeholders. The JMP will be hosting further technical consultations to refine the corresponding definitions and indicators for the purpose of global monitoring.

Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Schools: global baseline report 2018 / Agua, saneamiento e higiene en las escuelas: informe de línea de base mundial 2018 / Eau potable, assainissement et hygiène en milieu scolaire: rapport sur la situation de référence au niveau mondial en 2018

The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), through the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP), have produced regular updates on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) since 1990. Together, they are responsible for monitoring Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets 6.1 and 6.2 and supporting monitoring of other WASH-related targets.

La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF), a través del Programa Conjunto de Monitoreo del Abastecimiento del Agua, el Saneamiento y la Higiene (JMP por sus siglas en inglés), han producido actualizaciones periódicas en materia de agua, saneamiento e higiene (WASH por sus siglas en inglés) desde 1990. Conjuntamente son responsables para el monitoreo de las metas 6.1 y 6.2 de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) y de apoyar el monitoreo de otras metas relacionadas con WASH.

L'Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS) et le Fonds des Nations Unies pour l'enfance (UNICEF), dans le cadre du Programme commun OMS/UNICEF de suivi de l'approvisionnement en eau, de l'assainissement et de l'hygiène (JMP ou Joint Monitoring Program), publient des mises à jour régulières sur la situation en matière d'eau, d'assainissement et d'hygiène (EAH) depuis 1990. Ensemble, ces deux organismes sont chargés de suivre la réalisation des cibles 6.1 et 6.2 des objectifs de développement durable (ODD) et d'appuyer le suivi des autres cibles relatives à l'EAH.

Philippines Pantawid Pamilya conditional cash transfer and sanitation impact evaluation: overcoming barriers to adoption of sanitation for poor households in the Philippines

Access to basic sanitation remains one of the largest development challenges in the Philippines as 26% of the total population is without access to improved sanitation facilities. In rural areas alone, access to improved sanitation is less than 70% or about 9.5 million people, with 5.7 million of them defecating in the open and 3.7 million using unimproved toilets. Household latrines provide substantial health and other welfare benefits to users as well as positive development outcomes to others in the community, yet ownership of sanitary household latrines is uncommon among the poor. This study aims to address a key knowledge gap: what is the best mechanism to address the financial constraints of households to improving their sanitation situation ­ savings, subsidy, or a combination of the two?

Ending cholera a global roadmap to 2030

This report was developed by the secretariat of the Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC) with input and support from the following partners: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); Global Health Visions; Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance; International Federation of the Red Cross (IFRC); Johns Hopkins University; Medecins Sans Frontières (MSF); The Mérieux Foundation; the Task Force for Global Health; UNICEF; the Veolia Foundation; WaterAid; and from the WHO Health Emergencies Programme (WHE); Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB); and Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants (PHE) departments as well as the regional offices at the World Health Organization.

Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines / Progresos en materia de agua potable, saneamiento e higiene: informe de actualización de 2017 y linea de base de los ODS / Progrès en matière d'approvisionnement en eau potable, d'assainissement et d'hygiène: mise à jour 2017 et estimations des ODD

No child should die or get sick as a result of drinking contaminated drinking water, being exposed to other people's excreta, or having no place to wash their hands. No child should have to stay away from school for lack of a clean toilet and privacy. No mother or newborn should contract an infection from an unsanitary delivery room when they are most vulnerable. And no one should suffer the indignity of having to defecate in the open. But unfortunately, far too many children, women and men around the world experience some or all of these risks to their health and wellbeing -- and, thus to their futures. That is why the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development recognize safe drinking water, effective sanitation, and good hygiene (WASH) both as an end in itself and as a driver of progress on many of the SDGS, including health, nutrition, education and gender equality. To meet these targets, we need a better understanding of the progress we have made and a strategic approach to meet the challenges that lie ahead in our shared effort to reach every community, every family, and every child.

Ningún niño debe morir o enfermarse como resultado de beber agua contaminada, ni tampoco debe estar expuesto a los excrementos de otras personas o no disponer de un lugar para lavarse las manos. A ningún niño se le debe impedir asistir a la escuela por falta de un aseo limpio y de privacidad. Ninguna madre o recién nacido debe contraer una infección en una sala de parto insalubre, justo cuando son más vulnerables. Y nadie debe sufrir la indignidad de tener que defecar al aire libre. Pero, desafortunadamente, demasiados niños, mujeres y hombres de todo el mundo sufren algunos o todos estos riesgos para su salud y su bienestar, y por lo tanto para su futuro. Por eso, la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible reconoce el agua potable, el saneamiento efectivo y la higiene adecuada tanto como un fin en sí mismo como factores que impulsan el progreso de muchos de los ODS, entre ellos los que se refieren a la salud, la nutrición, la educación y la igualdad de género. Para lograr estos objetivos, necesitamos comprender mejor los progresos que hemos alcanzado y establecer un enfoque estratégico para hacer frente a los desafíos que tenemos por delante en nuestro esfuerzo compartido por llegar a cada comunidad, cada familia y cada niño.

Aucun enfant ne devrait succomber ou tomber malade parce qu'il a bu de l'eau de boisson contaminée, a été en contact des excreta d'autrui, ou n'a pas accès à une installation pour se laver les mains. Aucun enfant ne devrait manquer l'école en raison de l'absence de toilettes propres et d'intimité. Aucune mère ni aucun nouveau-né ne devraient contracter une infection en raison de l'insalubrité de la salle de travail où ils se trouvent au moment où ils sont les plus vulnérables. Enfin, personne ne devrait être réduit à devoir déféquer à l'air libre. Mais malheureusement, beaucoup trop d'enfants, de femmes et d'hommes dans le monde sont exposés à certains ou à tous ces risques pour leur santé, leur bien-être et leur avenir. C'est pourquoi le Programme de développement durable d'ici 2030 considère l'accès à l'eau potable, à l'assainissement et à l'hygiène (WASH) non seulement comme une fin en soi, mais aussi comme un vecteur de progrès pour de nombreux ODD, notam-ment en matière de santé, de nutrition, d'éducation et d'égalité des sexes. Afin d'atteindre ces objectifs, nous devons mieux comprendre les progrès que nous avons réalisés et développer une approche stratégique de nature à relever les défis auxquels va se heurter notre effort commun d'œuvrer en faveur de toutes les communautés, de toutes les familles et de tous les enfants.

2017 annual report WHO/UNICEF joint monitoring programme for water supply, sanitation and hygiene

The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP) has produced regular updates of progress since 1990 and is responsible for global monitoring of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets related to drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). WHO and UNICEF, through the JMP, serve as custodian agencies responsible for global reporting on SDG targets 6.1 and 6.2, and contribute towards the wider UN-Water integrated monitoring initiative on SDG6. The JMP also collaborates with custodian agencies responsible for monitoring other SDG goals and targets related to WASH including SDG target 1.4 on universal access to basic services, SDG target 3.9 on the disease burden from inadequate WASH, and SDG target 4.a. on basic WASH in Schools. The 2017 update report introduced updated service ladders for enhanced monitoring of WASH during the SDG period. These build on established indicators of the types of infrastructure households use and introduce additional criteria relating to level of service provided. The JMP has significantly updated and expanded its global databases and country files to incorporate this new information and further refined the methodology used to produce national, regional and global estimates. The 2017 update is the most comprehensive assessment to date and establishes baseline estimates for the SDG period. In recent years, and in response to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, both WHO and UNICEF have developed WASH strategies (UNICEF 2016-2030, WHO 2018-2025), and global and national monitoring systems and accountability mechanisms are key elements of both strategies. The JMP as well has developed a 5-year strategy focused on further enhancing global monitoring of drinking water, sanitation and hygiene in the context of the 2030 Agenda (Box 1). This Annual Report summarises the main activities and results achieved and provides an overview of income and expenditure in relation to the JMP 2017 work plan and budget. It serves as a generic report for all JMP donors and stakeholders and follows the standard UNDG format for Annual Progress Reports approved by the OECD-DAC

Enfermedades transmitidas por el agua y saneamiento básico en Colombia / Waterborne diseases and basic sanitation in Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la relación de la cobertura de alcantarillado y tratamiento de aguas residuales con el comportamiento de las enfermedades de origen hídrico. Métodos Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de tipo retrospectivo, utilizando fuentes secundarias (revisión documental e información de bases de datos disponibles) sobre el comportamiento de la cobertura en saneamiento básico, tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas en el país y la prevalencia de enfermedades relacionadas con la contaminación hídrica en el periodo 2008 a 2014. Resultados El país ha invertido en la puesta en marcha de sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales del 2011 al primer semestre de 2013, 1.100 millones de dólares, sin embargo la incidencia de enfermedades de origen hídrico como enfermedad diarreica aguda EDA, enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos ETA y fiebre tifoidea y paratifoidea, no han disminuido en el periodo 2008 a 2014, sólo la hepatitis A, ha registrado disminución. Discusión Se reconoce que la inversión en sistemas de acueducto y alcantarillado es relevante para el mejoramiento de las condiciones sanitarias de la población y para la disminución en la incidencia y la prevalencia de diversas alteraciones del estado de salud, sin embargo es necesario atender otros aspectos, tales como la educación en salud y el empoderamiento social, con el fin de avanzar en la creación de capacidades para afrontar esta problemática de manera más eficiente.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the relationship of sewerage coverage and wastewater treatment with waterborne disease behaviour. Methods A descriptive retrospective study was conducted using secondary sources (document review and information available in databases) about basic sanitation coverage, treatment of domestic sewage in the country and the prevalence of waterborne diseases during the period 2008-2014. Results The country invested USD 1,100 million in the implementation of wastewater treatment systems from 2011 until the first half of 2013. However, the incidence of waterborne diseases, such as acute diarrheal disease, foodborne diseases and typhoid and paratyphoid fever did not decrease during the period 2008-2014; only hepatitis A registered a decrease. Discussion Investment in water supply and sewerage systems is relevant to improve health conditions of the population and to reduce the incidence and prevalence of various health conditions; however, it is necessary to address other aspects such as health education and social empowerment to address this problem more efficiently.(AU)

Inequalities in sanitation and drinking water in Latin America and the Caribbean / Desigualdades en materia de saneamiento y agua potable en América Latina y el Caribe

Sanitation and water ladders provide a way to show inequalities in the level of service used by households and trends in coverage across these service levels over time. For sanitation this ranges from the practice of open defecation and unimproved sanitation to the use of an improved sanitation facility. For drinking water, there are also four levels with the highest level of service being piped water on premises. Definitions and data sources are provided at the end of this snapshot.

Una perspectiva regional basada en datos del Programa Conjunto de Monitoreo de OMS/UNICEF (JMP por sus siglas en inglés) del Abastecimiento de Agua y del Saneamiento y un análisis de la desigualdad a partir de encuestas nacionales de hogares y censos recientes.

Eliminating discrimination and inequalities in access to water and sanitation

Patterns of marginalisation and exclusion are present all over the world, with stark and persisting inequalities in access to water and sanitation. Progress made in the water and sanitation sector does not always benefit those who are most in need of these services, in particular the poorest, people living in informal settlements and/or people marginalised on the basis of gender and other grounds. International human rights law demands that the fundamental human rights principles of non-discrimination and equality must be respected by specific focus on those individuals, groups or communities who do not enjoy their rights fully in order to close existing gaps in the enjoyment of rights. To this end, duty-bearers and development assistance must aim at realising the rights for all, with a focus on the most marginalised and excluded. Mechanisms for conflict resolution, accountability and access to remedy must be in place, as well as free, active and meaningful participation. The human rights to water and sanitation ­ including the human rights principles of non-discrimination and equality ­ must be carefully implemented at the national level, and strong monitoring frameworks must track progress in realising these rights. This policy brief aims to provide guidance on non-discrimination and equality in the context of access to drinking water and sanitation, with a particular focus on women and girls. It also informs readers on the duty of States and responsibilities of non-State actors in this regard.

2015 Mali: impact evaluation of Dubai CARES WASH in schools initiative in Mali

This report presents key output, outcome, and impact findings from an evaluation of the Dubai Cares Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Schools Initiative in Mali (DCIM). This program, funded by the philanthropic foundation Dubai Cares and implemented by CARE Mali, Oxfam GB, Save the Children US, UNICEF-Mali, and WaterAid Mali, provided a comprehensive suite of school WASH infrastructure, supplies, behavior change and training activities to 916 primary and secondary schools across Mali with outreach into the surrounding communities.

National plan for the elimination of cholera in Haiti 2013-2022: short term plan 2013-2015

In October 2010, a cholera epidemic, like that of the January 12 earthquake, unexpectedly struck our country. The general population was still recovering and bandaged from injuries inflicted by the earthquake. This epidemic brought to light all the weaknesses of the Haitian health system. Lacking expertise and resources to fight major endemic diseases, this new cholera epidemic gave rise to widespread panic. Officials of all categories (political and technical) rapidly realized that they must roll up their sleeves and manage the situation in order to prevent a rampant increase in the number of deaths and allow the population to rebuild their health. Once again the Friends of Haiti did not compete in this struggle. They rallied tohelp bridge the gap, while transferring their knowledge and expertise to Haitian technical staff. Today, with the commitment of the Haitian state, and the support of all partners, the country is taking a second breath. It sees the future differently because cholera, despite its virulence and lethality, is under control and can be eliminated. In this context, on 11 January 2012, Presidents Michel Joseph Martelly of the Republic of Haiti and Lionel Fernandez of the Dominican Republic committed to undertake actions that could lead to the elimination of cholera by 2022. This committment was restated on 9 October 2012 in Santo Domingo by the Ministers of Health of the two countries. This document, prepared by the Ministry of Public Health and Population in collaboration with partners, is designed to provide a sustainable response by addressing the problem of disposing of cholera in three phases: short, medium and long term, and in four areas of action: water and sanitation, epidemiological surveillance, health promotion for behavior change, and care of infected persons in health institutions. Its strict application by everyone will help us achieve the goal to eliminate cholera by 2022.